4 novembre, giornata dell’Unità Nazionale e delle Forze Armate. La storia

Il Giorno dell’Unità nazionale (indicato non ufficialmente anche come Giornata dell’Unità nazionale e delle Forze armate) è una giornata celebrativa nazionale italiana. Fu istituita per commemorare la fine della prima guerra mondiale con l’entrata in vigore dell’armistizio di Villa Giusti (firmato il 3 novembre 1918), che sancì la resa dell’Impero austro-ungarico all’Italia, evento bellico che permise all’Italia l’annessione delle terre irredente di Trento e Trieste. Per tale motivo, l’intervento italiano nella prima guerra mondiale è stato anche considerato il completamento del processo di unificazione risorgimentale come quarta guerra d’indipendenza italiana.

La storia di questa giornata.

La festa è stata istituita nel 1919. Nel 1922, poco dopo la marcia su Roma dei fascisti, la festa cambiò nome in “Anniversario della Vittoria”, per celebrare la potenza militare dell’Italia. Dopo la fine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale, nel 1949, il significato della festa è tornato quello originale, ridiventando la celebrazione delle forze armate italiane e del completamento dell’Unità d’Italia.

Tra gli anni 60 e 70 l’interesse verso il 4 novembre è andato scemando. La giornata definita “delle forze armate” fu sempre più contestata soprattutto nella stagione dei movimenti giovanili del Sessantotto, i responsabili spesso venivano accusati di vilipendio delle Forze armate e processati. Dal 1976 il 4 novembre non rappresenta più un giorno festivo, nel 2022 il presidente Sergio Mattarella indicò la necessità di formalizzare la denominazione completa.

«Il fatto di ricomprendere in questa giornata la Festa delle Forze Armate appartiene alla tradizione e a quel sentimento di omaggio alla memoria che trova grande riscontro nella coscienza delle nostre comunità. Credo che sia necessario, come ho ricordato alcuni mesi addietro al Governo, di assumere in legge la definizione completa e ufficiale del 4 novembre come Giornata dell’Unità Nazionale e delle Forze Armate.»

In occasione delle celebrazioni il presidente della Repubblica rende omaggio al Milite Ignoto con la deposizione di una corona di alloro all’Altare della Patria al Vittoriano. Inoltre alte cariche dello Stato si recano in visita ai luoghi legati alla Prima guerra mondiale. Durante la giornata la bandiera italiana e la bandiera europea vengono esposte sugli edifici sede di uffici pubblici e istituzioni.Per il 4 novembre 2023 il Ministero della cultura ha stabilito l’apertura gratuita dei musei e dei parchi archeologici statali. (Fonti Wikipedia-Ministero della difesa)

A. N. (articolo pubblicato su Reportage il 4 novembre 2019)

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