Dal 1900 al 2015, la vaccinazione universale ha evitato più di 4 milioni di casi di malattia e decine di migliaia di morti

E’ stato appena pubblicato sulla rivista internazionale Vaccine l’articolo intitolato The impact of immunization programs on 10 vaccine preventable diseases in Italy: 1900-2015, a cura del Dipartimento Malattie Infettive dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanità.

Lo studio ha valutato l’impatto dei vaccini, in termini di mortalità e morbosità, su 10 malattie infettive: difterite, tetano, poliomielite, epatite B, pertosse, morbillo, parotite, rosolia, varicella e meningococco.

Il razionale di questo studio è nato principalmente dalla discussione attuale sui vaccini. Infatti, il basso rischio percepito e la crescente preoccupazione per la loro sicurezza hanno portato ad una riduzione delle coperture vaccinali, con un aumento del rischio di focolai infettivi.

Per questo, sono stati misurati in maniera scientifica i benefici apportati dai vaccini in Italia in un periodo di 115 anni.

«Di fatto la popolazione italiana sta discutendo sul tema», spiega Patrizio Pezzotti, l’autore principale «ma forse ha perso di vista la memoria della diffusione e della gravità di queste malattie. Lo studio, che è stato condotto nell’ambito di un progetto finanziato dal Ministero della Salute, è stato sviluppato al fine di fornire dei risultati fruibili sia dagli operatori sanitari che dai cittadini, affinché chiunque possa valutare quali siano stati gli effetti delle vaccinazioni».

Nella ricerca i dati annuali di mortalità per causa e quelli di morbosità sono stati utilizzati per determinare l’andamento dei tassi di morbosità e mortalità prima e dopo l’introduzione di ogni singolo vaccino.

Le analisi sono state effettuate utilizzando dei modelli statistico-matematici che hanno permesso di stimare i casi attesi in assenza di vaccinazione. Lo studio ha evidenziato che la vaccinazione nel corso del secolo scorso e nei primi 15 anni del nuovo millennio ha determinato un drastico calo della morbosità e della mortalità dovuta a queste malattie.

Infatti, è stato stimato che più di 4 milioni di casi sono stati evitati dalla vaccinazione universale e che circa il 35% di questi ha riguardato i bambini nei primi anni di vita. La difterite è stata la malattia con il maggior numero di casi prevenuti, seguita da parotite, varicella e morbillo.

È stato, inoltre, stimato che oltre 70.000 morti sono stati evitati dalla vaccinazione contro la difterite, il tetano e la poliomielite, le tre malattie infettive con i tassi di mortalità più elevati.

«Negli ultimi anni, a causa del calo delle coperture vaccinali molte di queste malattie sono riemerse in Europa, dal morbillo alla difterite», spiega Pezzotti.

I programmi di vaccinazione universale, conclude lo studio, rappresentano lo strumento di prevenzione più efficace contro le malattie infettive. I risultati di questo studio sono utili per rafforzare la fiducia dei cittadini nelle vaccinazioni.
(Fonte: Istituto Superiore di Sanità)

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