Dalla flora intestinale nuovi elementi per comprendere l’autismo

Possono fattori ambientali incidere sullo sviluppo dell’autismo? Il tema, da tempo oggetto di ricerche della comunità scientifica di tutto il mondo, è al centro di uno studio pubblicato sulla rivista Microbiome, firmato congiuntamente da Cnr, Università degli studi di Firenze, Fondazione «Edmund Mach» di Trento e Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese.

La ricerca, coordinata da Carlotta De Filippo dell’Istituto di Biologia e biotecnologia agraria (Ibba-Cnr), ha preso in esame la composizione del microbiota intestinale di soggetti adulti affetti da autismo, cioè l’insieme di microrganismi che «vivono» nell’intestino umano.

E’ noto, infatti, che sostanze presenti nella flora intestinale sono in grado di «passare» la barriera intestinale e produrre effetti sul sistema nervoso.

«Abbiamo analizzato», spiega la ricercatrice «la composizione del microbiota in soggetti che soffrivano di disturbi gastrointestinali, un disagio molto frequente tra le persone affette da autismo. L’obiettivo era caratterizzare i microrganismi presenti, verificare se vi fossero delle diversità rispetto a soggetti sani, individuare eventuali marcatori.

«Questo tipo di studio analitico è fondamentale per capire se il microbiota intestinale ha un ruolo nello sviluppo della malattia e, in ultima analisi, comprendere l’influenza di fattori ambientali o alimentari».

Lo studio ha utilizzato sofisticate tecniche di metagenomica e bioinformatica per caratterizzare le centinaia di batteri e – per la prima volta – anche di funghi presenti nell’intestino (questi ultimi rappresentano circa l’1-2% del microbiota intestinale). I risultati forniscono un set di marcatori preziosi per valutare e guidare studi di intervento sulla dieta, che è alla base della composizione del microbiota.

«Nei soggetti presi in esame, il profilo di cinque generi microbici e uno fungino, inclusi i coliformi, Clostridium e Candida, appaiono aumentati al crescere della gravità dei sintomi. Abbiamo inoltre riscontrato la presenza di Escherichia coli, un batterio rivelatore di stati infiammatori», prosegue la ricercatrice.

«Sebbene non siamo ancora arrivati a definire un “profilo” di microbiota comune per l’autismo, queste informazioni sono preziose: nell’immediato consentiranno di individuare misure di intervento sull’alimentazione, integrando probiotici e prebiotici, tali da ridurre la sintomatologia gastrointestinale, spesso invalidante. In prospettiva, poi, ci aiuteranno a comprendere la relazione tra regime alimentare e malattia, permettendo di migliorare la qualità della vita dei pazienti».
(Fonte: Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche)

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