Quando c’è la nebbia i camini inquinano di più

Le emissioni prodotte dalla combustione della legna usata per il riscaldamento domestico partecipano alla formazione dell’aerosol organico, una delle componenti delle tanto temute polveri sottili. Queste ultime sono prodotte in quantità maggiore in caso di nebbia, a causa del ruolo svolto dalle particelle umide in cui avvengono i processi chimico fisici di trasformazione delle emissioni della combustione.

È quanto emerge da uno studio condotto dall’Istituto di scienze dell’atmosfera e del clima del Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche (Isac-Cnr), in collaborazione con Aerodyne Research Inc., Università di Ferrara e Agenzia regionale per la prevenzione, l´ambiente e l´energia (Arpae) dell´Emilia-Romagna e pubblicato su Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Pnas).

«Le polveri sottili, o aerosol atmosferico, costituiscono una minaccia per la salute umana: in Italia sono responsabili di una riduzione di più di un anno dell’aspettativa di vita, mentre in Europa causano più di 300 mila morti l’anno», spiega Stefania Gilardoni dell’Isac-Cnr, tra gli autori dello studio.

«L’aerosol organico costituisce più del 50% delle polveri sottili, è quindi un fattore decisivo per la qualità dell’aria e per il clima; le osservazioni sperimentali indicano che più della metà è di origine secondaria, ossia prodotto e rilasciato in atmosfera da processi fisici e chimici sui quali però si conosce ancora poco poiché sono ancora oggetto di ricerca».

Lo studio dell’Isac-Cnr identifica una sorgente e un meccanismo di formazione di aerosol organico secondario finora trascurato dalla maggioranza degli studi sul clima e la qualità dell’aria.

«Questo lavoro mostra che, in presenza di umidità e nebbia nell’atmosfera, le reazioni chimiche che coinvolgono le emissioni della combustione della legna aumentano la produzione di aerosol organico secondario e, dunque, la concentrazione di polveri sottili nell’aria», prosegue la ricercatrice.

«Si spiega così l’alto livello di aerosol organico secondario in inverno. La presenza di umidità in atmosfera aumenta inoltre la capacità dell’aerosol prodotto dalla combustione di assorbire la radiazione solare e ciò porta a un aumento del riscaldamento dell’atmosfera, influendo sul cambiamento climatico e contribuendo all’innalzamento delle temperature. Le conoscenze acquisite grazie a questo studio sono quindi importanti anche perché forniscono indicazioni utili per lo sviluppo di politiche ambientali più efficaci».
(Fonte: Isac-Cnr)

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