Tutto quello che avreste voluto sapere sul noce in uno studio condotto dall’Ibaf-Cnr e Ibam-Cnr

Un recente studio condotto dagli Istituti del Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche di Biologia agro-ambientale e forestale (Ibaf-Cnr) e per i Beni archeologici e monumentali (Ibam-Cnr), ha permesso di identificare l’origine e le modalità di diffusione del noce comune (Juglans regia L.), specie oggi apprezzata per le proprietà nutraceutiche dei frutti ricchi di acidi grassi polinsaturi.

Pubblicato su Plos One, il lavoro evidenzia l’origine asiatica della pianta e l’esistenza nel Caucaso e nelle valli delle montagne dell’Asia Centrale di almeno quattro zone dove le popolazioni di noce conservano un valore elevato di diversità genetica, probabilmente sopravvissute in nicchie ecologiche protette dopo le glaciazioni del Pleistocene (Kyrgyzstan occidentale, Asia occidentale e centro-meridionale, Uzbekistan centro-orientale, province di Xinjiang and Shandong in China).

Lo studio ha anche identificato l’importanza sia delle grandi barriere fisiche che ostacolarono il flusso genico naturale (montagne e deserti), sia delle vie commerciali e culturali che le superarono.

Inoltre, l’incrocio con dati etnolinguistici e storici (associazione tra gli antichi phyla linguistici presenti lungo la viabilità fondamentale e la struttura genetica delle popolazioni di noce) ha indicato nelle vie Regia persiana e della Seta le rotte della diffusione della pianta, dall’Iran e Trans-Caucaso all’Asia centrale e dalla Cina occidentale a quella orientale.

«I commerci nella zona tra Tashkent e Samarcanda (Uzbekistan centro-orientale), dove convergevano i bracci settentrionali e centrali della Via della Seta del nord, possono aver causato anche la divisione spaziale della locale struttura genetica del noce autoctono e aver trasferito in tale zona diversi pool genici tutt’ora riscontrabili», spiega Angelo Massacci, direttore dell’Ibaf-Cnr.

Ed aggiunge: «Sono stati incrociati i dati ottenuti dalla genetica di popolazione della Juglans regia sia con l’analisi glottologica della parola noce – in relazione alle dinamiche di diffusione della specie – sia con i dati archeologici, topografici e storici, indispensabili per interpretare la struttura genetica delle popolazioni di noce, finora solo genericamente correlata all’azione umana».

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