Un cereale che cresce sugli alberi. S’impone l’urgenza di valorizzare le risorse castanicole

Dalle caldarroste che riscaldano gli inverni cittadini al pane dei montanari: la castagna è un prodotto dei boschi presente da sempre sulle nostre tavole.

E’, secondo la tradizione, «un cereale che cresce sugli alberi». Infatti ha un alto valore energetico ed è fonte di sali minerali. Proprio questo suo legame con la tradizione, simbolo del rapporto uomo/natura, l’ha resa sempre una fonte di reddito per molti territori rurali e un prodotto rappresentativo del Made in Italy.

Il castagno, infatti, è molto di più di una semplice pianta da frutto: è ricco di cibo e legno, ed è indispensabile per la tutela del territorio, per la biodiversità e per il paesaggio. Con circa 30.000 aziende che interessano una superficie di 52.000 ettari, l’Italia è il secondo esportatore mondiale di castagne, dopo la Cina. Ma non solo.

La castanicoltura italiana concorre in maniera significativa alla produzione europea di castagne di qualità dop e igp con il 64% dei prodotti castanicoli di qualità riconosciuta, e alla produzione nazionale di prodotti di qualità, dato che i prodotti castanicoli a marchio rappresentano il 15% del gruppo dei prodotti ortofrutticoli e cereali.

Il castagno ha assunto in passato ed assume ancora oggi un ruolo preminente tra le formazioni forestali italiane, non solo per l’elevata produttività, la qualità e la varietà degli assortimenti legnosi, ma soprattutto per la consistente presenza sul territorio nazionale con circa 800.000 ettari ricoperti.

Nonostante questi numeri, il settore conosce una progressiva crisi produttiva legata ai problemi di sostenibilità economica della coltura ed accentuata dalle emergenze fitosanitarie degli ultimi anni.

Si impone, quindi, necessariamente l’urgenza di rilanciare il comparto attraverso un percorso di valorizzazione delle peculiarità locali e una strategia di più ampio respiro che sia sostenibile economicamente ma anche dal punto di vista ambientale e sociale.

«L’analisi del settore» ha spiegato Piermaria Corona, del Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria, struttura Foreste e Legno «mostra realtà produttive molto differenziate dal punto di vista delle caratteristiche strutturali ed economiche della filiera e del grado di integrazione tra le sue componenti.

«Perciò, la valorizzazione della risorsa castanicola italiana impone la necessità di acquisire dati conoscitivi sulla sua effettiva consistenza a livello locale, con l’obiettivo di dare attuazione al piano castanicolo nazionale e di consentire la corretta utilizzazione delle misure dei Piani di sviluppo rurale.

«In questa direzione, il Crea ha da tempo promosso attività di ricerca per il monitoraggio delle risorse castanicole, con particolare riferimento all’impiego di dati da telerilevamento aereo e satellitare e all’uso di strumenti Ict per supportare la caratterizzazione strutturale e socio-economica dei castagneti da frutto».

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