West Nile in Italia, sintomi e come si trasmette

Cresce il numero di casi di West Nile in Italia. La malattia, sorvegliata speciale in questa stagione, è una forma di febbre come informa l’Istituto superiore di Sanità. E’ provocata da un virus della famiglia dei Flaviviridae, isolato per la prima volta nel 1937 in Uganda nel distretto West Nile da cui prende il nome.

COME SI TRASMETTE

I serbatoi del virus sono gli uccelli selvatici e le zanzare, soprattutto quelle del tipo Culex, le cui punture sono il principale mezzo di trasmissione all’uomo. La febbre West Nile non si trasmette da persona a persona tramite il contatto con le persone infette.

I SINTOMI

Il periodo di incubazione dal momento della puntura della zanzara infetta varia fra 2 e 14 giorni, ma può essere anche di 21 giorni nei soggetti con deficit a carico del sistema immunitario. La maggior parte delle persone infette non mostra alcun sintomo. Fra i casi sintomatici, circa il 20% presenta sintomi leggeri: febbre, mal di testa, nausea, vomito, linfonodi ingrossati, sfoghi cutanei. Questi sintomi possono durare pochi giorni, in rari casi qualche settimana. Nei bambini è più frequente una febbre leggera, nei giovani la febbre è mediamente alta, c’è un arrossamento degli occhi, mal di testa e dolori muscolari. Negli anziani e nelle persone debilitate, invece, i sintomi possono essere più gravi.

I sintomi più gravi si presentano in media in meno dell’1% delle persone infette (1 persona su 150), e comprendono febbre alta, forti mal di testa, debolezza muscolare, disorientamento, tremori, disturbi alla vista, torpore, convulsioni, fino alla paralisi e al coma. Alcuni effetti neurologici possono essere permanenti. Nei casi più gravi (circa 1 su mille) il virus può causare un’encefalite letale.

LA CURA

Non esiste una terapia specifica per la febbre West Nile. Nella maggior parte dei casi, i sintomi scompaiono da soli dopo qualche giorno o possono protrarsi per qualche settimana. Nei casi più gravi è invece necessario il ricovero in ospedale, dove i trattamenti somministrati comprendono fluidi intravenosi e respirazione assistita.

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